Last creation:
"The suicide"
/ a comic opera in one-act /
on Arkady Timofeevich Averchenko
Written in the nature:
/ 20 July 2007, Friday - 17 December 2007, Monday /
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Последна творба:
"Самоубиецът"
/ комична опера в едно действие /
по Аркадий Тимофеевич Аверченко
Written in the nature:
/ 20 юли 2007, петък - 17 декември 2007, понеделник /
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 The man who invented the computer!
John Vincent Atanasoff - Джон Атанасов
(October 4, 1903 - June 15, 1995)
Education: He graduated from the University of Florida in 1925 with a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering. In 1926 he received his master's degree in mathematics from Iowa State College. In 1930 he received a Ph.D. as a theoretic physicist at the University of Wisconsin. He became an associate professor of mathematics and physics at Iowa State College in 1936.
Professional Experience: Iowa State College, Mathematics, Graduate Assistant and Instructor, 1926-29; University of Wisconsin, Mathematics, Instructor, 1929-30; Iowa State College, Mathematics and Physics, Assistant Professor, 1930-36, Associate Professor, 1936-42, Professor in Absentia, 1942-45; U.S. Naval Ordnance Lab., Washington, D.C., Chief, Acoustics Section, 1942-1945, Chief, Acoustics Division, 1945-48; U.S. Army Field Forces, Ft. Monroe, VA, Chief Scientist, 1949; Naval Ordnance Lab., Director, Fuse Program, 1949-52; The Ordnance Engineering Corp., Frederick, MD, Founder, President, Director, 1959-61; Cybernetics, Inc., Frederick, MD, President, 1961-80; Stewart-Warner Corp., Consultant, 1961-63; Control Data Corp., Consultant 1967-71; Honeywell, Consultant, 1967-71
John Vincent Atanasoff was born on 4 October 1903 in Hamilton, New York. He is the inventor of the electronic digital computer. He is, along with being an Inventor, a Mathematical Physicist and a Businessman.
Honors and Awards: U.S. Navy Distinguished Service Award (Navy's highest honor awarded to civilians), 1945; Citation, Seismological Society of America, 1947; Citation, Admiral, Bureau of Ordnance, 1947; Cosmos Club membership, 1957; Order of Cyril and Methodius, First Class, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (Bulgaria's highest honor accorded a scientist), 1970; Iowa Inventors Hall of Fame; Plaque, Iowa State University Physics Building, 1974; Honorary Membership, Society for Computer Medicine, 1974; Doctor of Science, Moravian College, 1981; Distinguished Achievement Citation, Iowa State University Alumni Association, 1983; Doctor of Science, Western Maryland College; National Medal of Technology given by President George Bush, 1990
John Vincent Atanasoff is the first son of John Atanasoff and Iva Lucena Purdy. At a very early age, John Vincent Atanasoff had a great interest in mathematics. When John Vincent was about ten years old, he was curious in a Dietzgen slide rule that his father had bought. John Vincent read the instructions on how to use the slide rule, and he became more interested in the mathematical principles of the slide rule. With the help of his mother, John Vincent began to study a college algebra book that belonged to his father.
In the years that followed, John Vincent's family moved to Old Chicora, Florida. John Vincent studied at Mulberry High School and graduated in two years. He received A's is all of his science and math courses. John Vincent did not enter into college right away because he wanted to work and save money. In 1921 John Vincent entered the University of Florida as an undergraduate. John Vincent graduated from the University of Florida in 1925 with a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering. He received straight A's as an undergraduate.
John Vincent Atanasoff then went to Iowa State College to pursue his master's degree. At Iowa State, John Vincent met his future wife, Lura Meeks. At the time, John Vincent did not know that she was three years his senior. John Vincent received his master's degree in mathematics from Iowa State College in 1926. Within a few days of receiving his degree, John Vincent and Lura Meeks were married.
After receiving his master's degree, John Vincent went to the University of Wisconsin for his doctorate in theoretic physics. In the same year that John Vincent was accepted as a doctoral candidate, his wife gave birth to their eldest daughter, Elsie. In 1930, John Vincent Atanasoff received his Ph.D. as a theoretic physicist from the University of Wisconsin. Dr. Atanasoff then returned to Iowa State College as an assistant professor in mathematics and physics.
Dr. Atanasoff had always been interested in finding new ways to perform mathematical computations faster. Dr. Atanasoff examined many of the computational devices that existed at that time. These included the Monroe calculator and the International Business Machines (IBM) tabulator. Dr. Atanasoff concluded that these devices were slow and inaccurate.
After being promoted to associate professor of mathematics and physics, Dr. Atanasoff began to envision a computational device that was "digital." He believed that analog devices were too restrictive and could not get the type of accuracy he wanted. The idea of building an electronic digital computer came to him while he was sitting in a tavern. Dr. Atanasoff came up with four principles for his electronic digital computer.
He would use electricity and electronics as the medium for the computer.
In spite of custom, he would use base-two numbers (the binary system for his computer.
He would use condensers for memory and would use a regenerative or "jogging" process to avoid lapses that might be caused by leakage of power.
He would compute by direct logical action and not by enumeration as used in analog calculating devices. (Mollenhoff, 34)
As Dr. Atanasoff worked on his computer project, he asked a colleague to recommend a graduate student to assist him with his project. The graduate student that was introduced to him was Clifford Berry. Berry was gifted electrical engineer and had very similar background as Dr. Atanasoff did. They both got along almost immediately.
In December 1939, the first prototype of the Atanasoff Berry Computer (ABC) was ready. The ABC showed some of the potentials of a computer and it amazed the University. So in 1939, Dr. Atanasoff and his assistant Clifford Berry built the world's first electronic digital computer. With the first prototype working well, Dr. Atanasoff wanted to improve on prototype as well as get patents for the Atanasoff Berry Computer. Obtaining the patents were a slow process that ultimately caused Dr. Atanasoff the recognition that he deserved.
In 1940 Dr. Atanasoff attended a lecture given by Dr. John W. Mauchly. They talked for some time and Dr. Mauchly was very intrigued with Dr. Atanasoff's electronic digital computer. Dr. Mauchly wanted to see the ABC for himself and Dr. Atanasoff agreed. This decision by Dr. Atanasoff would be a mistake since Dr. Mauchly later used many of Dr. Atanasoff's ideas in the design of the ENIAC. The ENIAC is falsely considered by most people as the world's first electronic digital computer designed by Dr. Mauchly and Dr. Eckert. Charges of piracy were later brought against Dr. Mauchly, co-inventor of the ENIAC. A long trial followed and it was not until 1972 that Dr. Atanasoff was given the recognition he so deserved. U.S. District Judge Earl R. Larson ruled that the ENIAC was "derived" from the ideas of Dr. Atanasoff. Although Judge Larson did not explicitly say that Dr. Mauchly "stole" Dr. Atanasoff's ideas, Judge Larson did say that Dr. Mauchly had use many of Dr. Atanasoff's ideas on the ABC to design the ENIAC. When the trial finally ended, Dr. Atanasoff was given credit as the inventor of the electronic digital computer.
Dr. John Vincent Atanasoff died 15 June 1995 of a stroke at his home in Monrovia, Md. He was 91 years old. Although Dr. Atanasoff was not able to get a patent for the ABC, he held 32 patents for his other inventions.
In any science field, there needs to be a person with the vision to define the future. John Vincent Atanasoff was a genius with such a vision. He developed the first electronic digital computer that has dramatically changed our lives. John Vincent Atanasoff gave birth to the field of electronic computing. In doing so, he also gave birth to a new era, an era of computers.
Today, the computer is an essential part of every person as well as every business. We cannot imagine our lives without a computer being involved. Turning on the TV, making a telephone call, and typing up a report all involves the use of a computer. The invention of the computer meant that technology could improve at a faster rate and our lives became more convenient and more safe.
Take for instance the use of computers in our cars. Anti-lock brakes, air bags, and fuel injections are all controlled by a computer. These advancements make the car safer and more reliable. Computers can also be found in banks, schools, airplanes, businesses, space shuttles, satellites, and numerous other things. In today's society, almost everything involves the use of a computer.
The electronic age is the direct result of the invention of the computer. Never before in the history of humanity has there been an invention that grown so quickly as the computer has. Within the last twenty years, the speed and power of the computer has grown at an exponential rate.
When John Vincent Atanasoff invented the computer, he probably did not know how much of an impact it would have on people's lives. Computers will be involved in every aspect of technology, and it will continue to be a part of technologies to come. The capabilities of computers are advancing every day. Soon, a computer will become more like the human brain than an electronic machine. Computers will take us to Mars, and get us back safely. Computers will always be on the edge of technology and anyone that learns to harness its power will be an important part of the future. Every aspect of our lives has changed because on the computer and its inventor, John Vincent Atanasoff.
John Vincent Atanasoff died 15 June 1995.
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Bibliography
Biographical Publications:
Mollenhoff, C. R. ATANASOFF Forgotten Father of the Computer , 1st edition, Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, 1988.
Photographs of JV Atanasoff as well as various other information was obtained from Iowa State University.
Significant Publications:
Thesis Title: "The Dielectric Constant of Helium"
Atanasoff, J.V. Computing Machine for the Solution of Large Systems of Linear Algebraic Equations, In The Origins of Digital Computer, Selected Papers, ed. Brian Randell, Chap. 7.2. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1973.
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© Hien Chris Do
[ e-mail ]
Prizes
- U.S. Navy Distinguished Service Award (1945)
- Citation, Seismological Society of America (1947)
- Citation, Admiral, Bureau of Ordnance (1947)
- Cosmos Club membership (1947)
- Order of Cyril and Methodius (1970)
- Iowa Inventors Hall of Fame (1974)
- Honorary membership, Society for Computer Medicine (1974)
- Doctor of Science, University of Florida (1974)
- Governor's Science Medal (1985)
- Order of Bulgaria, First Class Award (1985)
- Computing Appreciation Award, EDUCOM (1985)
- Holley Medal, American Society of Mechanical Engineers (1985)
- Coors American Ingenuity Award (1986)
 | First air-dropped bomb!
Christo Toprakchiev - Христо Топракчиев
In 1912, during the Balkan War, Bulgarian Air Force pilot Christo Toprakchiev suggested the use of airplanes to drop "bombs" (as grenades were called in Bulgarian army at this time) on Turkish positions. Captain Simeon Petrov developed the idea and created several prototypes by adapting different types of grenades and increasing their payload. On 16 October 1912 the observer Prodan Toprakchiev dropped 2 of those bombs at the Turkish railway station of Karaagac (near the besieged Edirne) from an Albatros F.II airplane piloted by Radul Milkov. This was the first use of an airplane as a bomber.
After number of tests Simeon Petrov created the final design, with improved aerodynamics, an X shaped tail and impact detonator. This version was widely used by the Bulgarian Air Force during the siege of Edrine. Later copy of the plans was sold to Germany and the bomb, codenamed "Chathaldza" ("Чаталджа") remained in mass production until the end of World War I.
The weight of the bomb was 6 kilograms. On impact it created a crater 4-5 meter wide and about 1 meter deep.
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 Dr.Stamen Grigorov - д-р Стамен Григоров Dr. Stamen Grigorov was born on October 27, 1878 in the village of Studen Izvor, Tran Region, Bulgaria. He graduates secondary education in natural sciences in Montpellier, France and medical science in Geneva, Switzerland. As a scientist in the field of microbiology, dr. Stamen Grigorov is famous first of all that in 1905, at the age of 27, in the laboratory of Professor Masole in Geneva, he invented the bacillus that is crucial element of the yogurt, called by the scientific community "Bacterium bulgaricum - Grigorov", thus making his contribution to the world microbiology.
His further research, carried out in many research institutes worldwide proved that Bulgarian yogurt helps in the treatment of various diseases and affections like infections, otic-rhino-laryngeal diseases tuberculosis, stomach and intestine affections, ulcers, some gynecologic diseases, fatigue, etc. These prophylactic and curing properties of Bulgarian yogurt are due to the highly rich content of vitamins B1, B2, C, A, D, E, PP, B12, milk sugar, proteins, and other important stimulating substances.
 The yogurt of its original kind can be leavened only in Bulgaria and in some neighbor regions in the Balkan countries. In order geographic conditions the bacteria degenerate quickly, lose their qualities and die.
Besides the invention of "Bacterium bulgaricum", Dr. Stamen Grigorov" works profoundly in the creating of anti-tuberculosis vaccine. On December 20, 1906 in the medical journal "La Presse M?dicale", issue No 104 is published a scientific report "The Anti-tuberculosis vaccine"by Stamen Grigorov, which makes public to the scientific community the penicillin fungi invented and implemented by him.
After the publication of this scientific report in Paris, the scientific community had expressed much interest in Dr. Stamen Grigorov's vaccine and the application of the penicillin fungi.
 Prof. Dr Dimitar Paskoff, DM / 1914, Ano Vrontou - ? / - ( Bulgarian: проф. д-р Димитър Пасков / 1914, Горно Броди - ? /) is the medical doctor and chemist who led the Sopharma team that extracted Nivalin ( Galantamine hydrobromide ) for first time somewhere in 1959. That is an original phytopreparation produced with a technology for extraction of the alkaloid Galantamine from the bulbs of the plant snowdrops ( Leucojum aestivum ). 
Galantamine hydrobromide ( Nivalin ) has empirical formula C17H21NO3.HBr and molecular weight 386.3.
eng. Peter Dimitroff Petroff [ Bulgarian: Петър Димиртов Петров ] /b. 21 October 1919, Brestovitsa, Bulgaria - d. 7 February 2003, Huntsville, Alabama / , a NASA engineer and later an inventor whose enterprises developed heart-monitoring equipment and originated the digital wristwatch 30 years ago, died Feb. 27 at his home in Huntsville, Ala. He was 83. . .
He went into business on his own in 1968, founding Care Electrics, a high-technology company that developed a wireless heart monitor for hospital use. The venture evolved into Electro/Data, which created the prototype of the digital watch.
There is a widespread belief in Bulgaria that the country has never been able to keep its best offspring because they always leave to find a better place to make a living. Unfortunately, one can easily share this view, as most of the Bulgarians that have introduced anything of importance to the world have been from among those that left their homeland. Perhaps this is not such a problem, as long as Bulgarians do not forget those that brought the fame.
Following this line of thought, one name that was long ago forgotten in Bulgaria was that of Peter Petroff (Petar Petrov), and only the news of his death brought his name back to the minds of Bulgarians.
Peter Dimitroff Petroff, 83, an engineer at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and an inventor whose enterprises developed a heart monitor and the digital wristwatch 30 years ago, died on February 27 at his home in Huntsville, Alabama. He was a native of Bulgaria who moved to Canada and then to the US after World War 2, and in 1968 founded Care Electrics, a high-tech company that developed a wireless heart monitor for hospitals. The company became Electro/Data, which created the prototype of the digital watch. Marketed by the Hamilton Watch Company as the Pulsar, it sold for $2100 in 1971.
Petroff was born in the Bulgarian village of Brestovitsa, and, while almost nothing is known of his life in Bulgaria, his later existence was marked with the name of a great inventor. He was born on October 21, 1919 to the family of Dimitar Petrov, a priest of the Eastern Orthodox Church, and his wife Vasillia. After attending a religious seminary, Petroff enlisted in the French Foreign legion in October 1939.
He was captured by the Germans while defending the French Maginot Line in 1940, and sent to a German Prisoner Of War camp in Poland. He returned to Bulgaria in March 1941 and became an officer in the Bulgarian Army. His duties included being a palace guard to King Boris III of Bulgaria and participating in the Honour Guard for the funeral of Turkey's President, Kemal Ataturk, the founder of modern Turkey. In 1944, he moved to Germany to study engineering at the University of Munich.
He graduated from Darmstadt and Stuttgart universities with a master's degree in electrical, mechanical, and civil engineering. While in Germany he also studied his life long passion, naval architecture, and designed and built the first of over 60 boats in 1947.
Petroff arrived in Toronto in 1951 via wartime France and Germany. He worked on arctic engineering and construction projects for the US Air Force at Goose Bay, Labrador, and Thule, Greenland.
He went to Indochina in 1956 for assignments in bridge and power plant construction. Three years later, he sailed a 65-foot catamaran of his own design to Melbourne, Florida, where he joined the space projects carried out by a precursor of the Harris Corporation. He helped design systems for early weather and communications satellites and organised the company's semiconductor division. Moving to Huntsville in 1963, Petroff was recruited by Wernher von Braun to work on the new Saturn rocket for the Apollo space programme. During that period, his employers were NASA, and Boeing and Northrop, its contractors.
In 1975, Petroff and his sons founded ADS Environmental Services, a maker of computerised pollution monitoring equipment for the world market. He sold his interest in the company in 1995 but rejoined his sons as a consultant for Time Domain.
Petroff received numerous honours and awards throughout his professional career. His most unique distinction was to be officially declared an Enemy of the People by the communist regime in Bulgaria, for which he received a death sentence in absentia. The sentence was later lifted. He continued his lifelong interest in boat design and naval architecture by renovating the Gemini II. The boat also served as the base of operation for Lee Taylor's successful assault on the world water speed record on Lake Guntersville in 1967. In 1991, he moved the Gemini II to the US Virgin Islands. It was donated to charity two years ago and now serves as a floating orphanage in Central America.
In its obituary for Peter Petroff, The New York Times quoted Ralph Petroff, one of his sons, who said it was ironic that his father had died a peaceful death.
"He always laughed at danger and he laughed at death. He should have never made it to his 83rd birthday, let alone his 20th," Ralph Petroff said. "I guess if you were to combine Indiana Jones with Thomas Edison, the result would be Peter Petroff."
(c) engology
 Academician George Stefanoff Nadjakoff / b: 26 December 1896, Dupnitsa, Bulgaria - d: 24 February 1981, Sofia, Bulgaria / makes 24 minutes speech in Second Scientific-Technical Conference, carried out in Gjulechitsa (May 8-9, 1976) with physicists from Sofia University, Institute of Solid State Physics and Factory of Electronic Transducer Elements. Every one of us can listen sound track by G. Nadjakov speech on mouse over the picture above.
Academician George Stefanov Nadjakoff was born in Dupnitsa in December 26, 1896 (old style). He studied mathematics and physics during the First World War. He graduated at the University of Sofia.
Sofia University appointed George Nadjakoff to assistant in physics. Faculty of Physics and Mathematics gave him a grant to specialization abroad. He went to Paul Langevin and Marie Curie. Nadjakoff investigated insulators and semi-conductors in Langevin's laboratory one year. Sofia University's research fund gave him 5 000 leva for materials in addition to a grant. The results were published in Bulgaria. These articles were his first scientific publications.
Faculty of Physics and Mathematics elected academician George Nadjakoff to associate professor in the chair of experimental physics. He conducted experimental physics courses and electrical engineering cours with new demonstration and laboratory experiments. He held professorship in experimental physics later.
Academician George Nadjakoff was the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics dean and the University of Sofia rector. He dead in February 24, 1981.
Academician George Nadjakoff created new and standard physical apparatus. More of them were electrometers. He made many kind of electrometers. Four electrometers were original. He offered new method for measurement. Vera Postampirova and George Nadjakov invented new high sensibility electrometer system.
 Academician George Nadjakoff found common formula about all electrometers, made by him. He constructed complex surface of a quadrant with collaborators. Dependence between deviation of a needle and potential of a quadrant was linear in the new electrometer.
Academician George Nadjakoff discovered permanent internal photo-polarization in 1937. He made a electret with light and electricity. The new electret was called photo-electret. The previous type of electret, obtained by heat and electricity, were called by him thermoelectret.
Discovering the photoelectret state was the most considerable result of academician George Nadjakoff. It was formally recognized in Bulgaria after his death.
Publications:
- (1925-1926) G. Nadjakoff. La photoconductibilite dans les dielectriques solides et I'effet photoelectrique exterieur. I partie. Resume. Annuaire de I'Universite de Sofia, Faculte Physico-mathematique, t. 22, No 1, p. 61-103.
- (1926-1927) G. Nadjakoff. La photoconductibilite dans les dielectriques solides et I'effet photoelectrique exterieur. II partie. Resume. Annuaire de I'Universite de Sofia, Faculte Physico-mathematique, t 23, No 1, p. 49-81.
- (1930-1931) G. Nadjakoff. Zur bestimmung der konstanten und der kapazitat eines torsionselektrometers. Zusammenfassung. Annuaire Univ. Sofia, Fac. Sci. Phys.et Math.t. 27, No 1, s. 235-292.
- (1930-1931) G. Nadjakoff, V. Postampirova. Uber die elektrischen richtungskrafte bei dem quadrantelektrometer. Zusammenfassung. Annuaire Univ. Sofia, Fac. Sci. Phys.et Math.t. 27, No 1, s. 293-310.
- (1931) G. Nadjakoff. Sur la capacite de I'electrometre a quadrants. Comptes Rendus de I'Academie des Sciences a Paris, t. 193, p. 356- 358.
- (1931-1932) G. Nadjakoff, Physikalisches Institut der Universitat, Sofia. Uber die ladungsempfindlichkeit des binantelektrometers. Zusammenfassung. Annuaire Univ. Sofia, Fac. Sci. Phys.et Math.t. 28, No 1, s. 57-70.
- (1932) G. Nadjakoff. Sur les formules des trois electrometres a torsion. Comptes Rendus de I'Academie des Sciences a Paris, t. 194, p. 546-549.
- (1932) G. Nadjakoff. Zu den Bestimmungsmethoden der Konstanten und der Kapazitat des Quadrantselektrometers. Phys. Zeitschr. Bd. 33, s. 135-139.
- (1932) G. Nadjakoff, Uber die Kapazitatsgrossen des Binantelektrometers. Physikal. Zeitschr. Bd. 33, s. 345-348.
- (1932) G. Nadjakov. Uber die Kapazitat und Ladungsenflndlichkeit des Binantelektrometers. Zeitschr.fur Instrumentenkunde, Bd. 52, s.132-138.
- (1932) G. Nadjakoff, V. Postampirova. Uber die elektrischen Direktionskrafte bei dem Quadrantelektrometer. Zeitschr.fur Instrumentenkunde, Bd. 52, s. 187-192.
- (1933) G. Nadjakoff. Uber die Kapazitatsgrossen des Quadrantelektrometers nach Dolezalek. Physikal. Zeitschr., Bd. 34, s.682-687.
- (1933-1934) G. Nadjakoff, Physikalisches Institut der Universitat,Sofia. Uber die kapazitatsgrossen des quadrantelektrometers nach Dolezalek. Zusammenfassung. Annuaire Univ. Sofia, Fac. Sci. Phys.et Math.t. 30, No 1, s.155-180.
- (1936-1937) G. Nadjakoff, Sur la nature et I'origine des gros ions et des noyaux de condensation dans I'atmosphere. Resume. Annuaire Univ. Sofia, Fac. Sci. Phys.et Math.t. 33, No 1, p. 257-281.
- (1936-1937) G. Nadjakoff, R. Andreitschin. Uber eine methode zur hochastasierung der kleinsten magnetischen nadelsysteme. Zusammenfassung. Annuaire Univ. Sofia, Fac. Sci. Phys.et Math., t.33, No 1, s. 283-312.
- (1936-1937) G. Nadjakoff, R. Andrejtchin. Uber einen photovoltaische effekt bei den dielektrika. Annuaire Univ. Sofia, Fac.Sci. Phys.et Math.t. 33, No 1, p. 313-337.
- (1936-1937) G. Nadjakoff. Sur une nouvelle espece de polarisation permanente des dielectriques. Resume. Annuaire de I'Universite de Sofia, Faculte Physico-mathematique, 133, No 1, p.409-420.
- (1936-1937) G. Nadjakoff. Sur la theorie des trois electrometres a torsion a quadrants, a binants et a duants. Resume. Annuaire Univ. Sofia, Fac. Sci. Phys.et Math.t. 33, No 1, p. 421-431.
- (1936-1937) G. Nadjakoff. Zur theorie des latenten bildes. Zusammenfassung. Annuaire Univ. Sofia, Fac. Sci. Phys.et Math.t.33, No 1, p. 433-448.
- (1937) G. Nadjakoff. Sur la natureet I'origine des gros ions dans 1'atmosphere. Comptes rendus de I'Academie des Sciences a Paris, t.204, p. 1236-1238.
- (1937) G. Nadjakoff. Sur une nouvelle espece de polarisation permanente des dielectriques. Comptes rendus de I'Academie des Sciences a Paris, t. 204, p. 1865-1866.
- (1937) G. Nadjakoff. Physikalisches Institut der Universitat. Zur theorie des latenten bildes. Die Naturwissenschaften, Bd. 25. Jahrg. Heft 29, s. 475-476.
- (1937) G. Nadjakoff. Uber die ausseren und inneren lichtelektrischen Effekte bei Nichtleitern. Zeitschr.f. Physik. Chemie, Bd. 36, B, s. 309-313.
- (1937) G. Nadjakoff. Uber einen photovoltaischen Effekt bei einem hochisolierenden Korper. Zeitschr.f. Physik. Chemie, Bd. 36, B, s. 314-321.
- (1938) G. Nadjakoff. Uber eine neue Art von Elektreten: Photoelektreten. Physikalische Zeitschrift, t. 39, No 6, s. 226-227.
- (1940-1941) G. Nadjakoff, R. Andrejtschin. Uber das wesen und den ursprung der photovoltaischen effekte bei isolatoren und halbleitern. Zusammenfassyng. Annuaire de I'Universite de Sofia, Faculte Physico-mathematique, t. 37, No 1, s. 197-318.
- (1944-1945) G. Nadjakov, S. Ivanov. Sus une methods d'enregistrement des battements electriques pour la mesure des variations de la constants dielectrique. Resume. Annuaire de I'Universite de Sofia, Faculte Physico-mathematique, t. 41, No 1, p. 43-72.
- (1947) G. Nadjakov. Sur I'effet Volta; une mouvelle methode pour mesurer I'effet Volta. Comptes rendus de I'Academie des Sciences a Paris, t. 25, p. 1061-1063.
- (1947) G. Nadjakov. Sur I'effet Volta; La theorie de la methode. Comptes rendus de I'Academie des Sciences a Paris, t. 25, 1947, p. 1134-1135.
- (1948) G. Nadjakov, S. Ivanov. Sur une methode d'enregistrement des battements electriques pour la mesure des variations de la constante dielectrique. Comptes Rendus de I'Academie Bulgare des Sciences, t. 1, No 1, p. 35-38.
- (1950) G. Nadjakov, Emil Nadjakov, P. Ilkov. Les couples directeurs electriques dans un nouveau systeme d'electrometre a quadrants. Resume. Bull. Acad. Bulg. Sci. ser. Phys. t. 1, p. 70
- (1951) G. Nadjakov, R. Andreitschin. Photovoltaischer effekt bei polykristallinem schwefel bei seitlicher belichtung. Bull. Acad. Bulg. Sci. ser. Phys.t. 2, s. 293-320.
- (1951) G. Nadjakov, N. T. Kaschukeev. Untersuchungen von photoelektreten. Zuzammenfassung. Bulletin Academie Bulgare Sciences, Ser. Phys. t. 2, p. 321-340.
- (1951) G. Nadjakov. Sur une methode electrometrique pour mesurer I'effet Volta. Resume. Bull. Acad. Bulg. Sci. ser. Phys. t. 2, p.341-356.
- (1952) G. Nadjakov, Uber die Entstehung von photoelektromotorischen Kraften. Arbeitstagung Festkorperphysik, vom 9-11 Mai 1952 in Dresden, s. 117-118
- (1952) G. Nadjakov, N. T. Kaschukeev. Anderungen der polarisation der photoelektreten unter dem einfluss der temperatur. Bull. Acad. Bulg. Sci. Ser. Phys.t. 3, p. 103-116.
- (1952) G. Nadjakov, N. T. Kaschyjeev, Untersuchungen von photoelektreten. Zusammenfassung. Comptes Rendus de I'Academie Bulgare des Sciences, t. 5, No 1, s. 5-8
- (1954) G. Nadjakov, R. Andreitchine. Effet photo-voltaique dans la sulfure de cadmium cristalline. Resume. Bull. Acad. Bulg. Sci. ser. Phys. t. 4, 3-10.
- (1954) G. Nadjakov, R. Andreitchin. Effet photo-voltaique dans la sulfure de cadmium cristalline. Comptes rendus de I'Academie Bulgare des Sciences, t. 7, No 2, p. 13-16.
- (1954) G. Nadjakov, R. Andreitchine, M. Borissov. Effet photovoitaique dans la sulfure de cadmium evaporee a eclairement transversal. Comptes rendus de I'Academie Bulgare des Sciences, t.7, No 2, p. 17-20.
- (1954) G. Nadjakov, N. T. Kachoukeev. Photoconductibilite du soufre fondu. Resume. Compte Rendus Academic Bulgare Sciences, t. 7, No 3, p. 5-8. M42. (1954) G. Nadjakov, N. T. Kachoukeev. Photoeffet negatif dans le soufre fondu. Resume. Comptes Rendus Academic Bulgare Sciences, t. 7, No 3, p. 9-12.
- (1956) G. Nadjakov, R. Andrejtchin, St. Balabanov, J. Stanislavova. Sperrschichtfreie photovoltaische ele ente aus aufgedampftem CdS. Comptes rendus de I'Academie Bulgare des Sciences, t. 9, N. 2, p.1-4.
- (1957) G. Nadjakov, R. Andrejtschin, St. Balabanov, J.Stanislavova. Physikalisches Institutan der Bulgarischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Vergleichende untersuchungen des photovoltaischen Langs und Quereffekts in aufgedampftem Kadmiumsulfid. Comptes Rendus de I'Academie Bulgare des Sciences, t. 10, No 4, s. 277-280.
- (1957) G. Nadjakov, Elka Nadjakova. Chaire de physique experimentale de I'Universite de Sofia. Sur les methodes electrometriques de mesure de la difference de potentiels de contact. Comptes rendus de I'Academie Bulgare des Sciences, t. 10, No 6, p. 457.
- (1958) G. Nadjakov, V. Vassilev, S. Balabanov. On the Work Function of Au and Al during Vacuum-air Transition. Comptes Rendus de I'Acad. Bulg. Des Science, t. 11, No 6, p. 461-464.
- (1960) G. Nadjakov, R. Andrejtschin, St. Balabanov, J.Stanislavova. Uber den Charakter der Kontakte beim Photovoltaischen Quereffekt in Aufgedampften Kadmiumsulfidschichten. Comptes rendus de I'Academie bulgare des Sciences, t. 13, No 1, s. 15-18
- (1960) G. Nadjakov, R. Andrejtschin. Uber die Klassifikation der Photovoltaischen effekte und die einordnung des Kontaktpotentialen Photovoltaischen Effekts. Comptes rendus de I'Academie bulgare des Sciences, t. 13, No 2, s. 135-138
- (1960) G. Nadjakov, R. Andrejtschin. Der Kontaktpotentiale Photovoltaische effekt. Comptes rendus de I'Academie bulgare des Sciences, t. 13, No 1, s. 19-22
- (1963) G. Nadjakov, V. Vasilev. Effect of atmospherie air and H2 on work funktion of Al, Ag, Cu and Au. Comptes rendus de I'Academie bulgare des Sciences, t. 16, No 4, s. 353-356.
- (1964) G. Nadjakov, S. Balabanov, A. Kotov. Influence du relief du support sur le travail de sortie des couches minces metalliques. Comptes rendus de I'Academie bulgare des Sciences, t. 17, No 6, s. 545-548.
- (1966) G. Nadjakov, E. Nikolova. Neuartiger Nadel-Faden-Torsions-Quadranten-Elektrometer. Comptes rendus de I'Academie bulgare des Sciences, t. 19, No 3, s. 193-196.
- (1966) G. Nadjakov, E. Nikolova. Zweiter neuer. Typ eines Nadel-Faden-Torsions-Quadranten-Elektrometer. Comptes rendus de I'Academie bulgare des Sciences, t. 19, No 4, s. 273-276.
- (1967) G. Nadjakov, G. Stajnov, A. Malinovski, N. Martinov. Eigenvalues of a cylindrical microwave-cavity by hollow-cathode discharge. Comptes rendus de I'Academie bulgare des Sciences, t. 20, No 8, s. 775-778.
- (1968) G. Nadjakov, G. Stajnov, N. Martinov, E. Aladzov. Current oscillations in hollow-cathode discharge. Comptes rendus de I'Academie bulgare des Sciences, t. 21, No 6, s. 521-524.
 Assen Jordanoff - the man who contributed to America's airpower
This study follows the life of Assen Jordanoff [ Bulgarian: Асен Йорданов from his birth and childhood, through his striking career in Bulgaria and America, to the end of his life, trying to keep close to the facts and avoid exaggerations and typical overworks and myths. It is mostly based on the book by Jordanoff's sister Milka Markowa-Totevy, written in tribute to her brother, on Jordanoff's own books, and on some other sources as well.
Assen Jordanoff's career, after its brilliant beginning in Bulgaria, belongs to the development of aviation in America. Jordanoff occupied a distinct place among distinguished airmen at a given time - the golden age of aviation.
"Jordanoff's contribution was essential to the advancement of U.S. aviation, thanks to his instructional/analytical books in the field of aeronautics and its processes, as well as thanks to the direct application of his engineering and practical skills in the building of aircraft.
Jordanoff directly participated in the creation of important flying craft during WWII. One of them was P-40, which was present on all the combat sites and played a major part in air-to-air or air-to-ground confrontations. Another plane that greatly owes to him was the P-38, a 2-motor fighter having a large degree of mobility and range. It had a predominant role in the Pacific War, although it could be useful for many other purposes as well. The third plane whose construction was due to Jordanoff was the B-17 bomber, which became an indispensable unit in our strategic bombing forces, and was present on all the battlefields in Europe."
General Ronald R. Fogleman
Chief of Staff of the U.S. Air Force (1996)
 acad.Iwan N. Stranski (1897-1979)
Iwan Nicola Stranski [ Bulgarian: Иван Никола Стански ] was born in Sofia, Bulgaria on 2 February 1897. He was the third child, and the first son, of a Bulgarian court pharmacist father and a mother of German-Baltic origin. As a child, he suffered from health problems, which persisted throughout his life. With the aim of making himself better, he decided to study medicine. He wanted to approach his goal from a higher level, so he embarked on studying chemistry, first in Vienna, Austria, then in Sofia, where he graduated in 1922. After that, he went to Berlin to the Physikalisch-chemische Institut of the University, where he did doctoral research on X-ray spectroscopic analysis under Paul G?nther (1892-1969), receiving his doctorate in 1925. He taught in Sofia, where he started as a lecturer in 1926, eventually becoming professor in 1937. During 1930-31 Stranski won a Rockefeller scholarship at the Institut fur Physikalische Chemie at the TH Berlin. It was then that he formed a long scientific friendship with Max Volmer (1885-1965, q.v.). In 1935-36 he was head of department at the Ural Institute of Physics and Mechanics in Sverdlovsk in the Soviet Union. In 1941 Stranski returned to Germany for good. During the years 1941-44 he was visiting professor under Rudolf Suhrmann (1895-1971) at the University and the TH Breslau (now Wroclaw, Poland). In 1944 he became a scientific fellow of the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut fur physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie (Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, now the Fritz Haber Institute) in Dahlem, Berlin, becoming its associate director in 1953. The TU Berlin made him the successor to Max Volmer as professor of Physical Chemistry in 1946. He taught at the Free University of Berlin as an honorary professor until 1963. He died on 19 June 1979 in Sofia.
 In his 1925 research paper for qualification to become a lecturer, he examined the rectifying effect of crystal detectors. This work, in conjunction with a 1919 paper by Erwin Madelung steered Stranski's interests towards the problems of crystal growth and crystal decay. His first deliberations led him simultaneously with, but independently of, Walter Kossel (1888-1956) to an ideal model, the Kossel-Stranski Crystal. Stranski attributed a central significance to the, half-crystal position' and the concept of, mean separation work. Further, he gave a kinetic derivation of the Gibbs-Thomson equation and he used the laws of nucleation to produce a theoretical derivation of Ostwald's step rule. Also worthy of mention are his works on the decomposition of Urotropin, the polymorphy of arsenic trioxide, melting processes, triboluminescence and the application of his theoretical knowledge to the technical processes of steel extraction. His work on the electron emissions of crystal surfaces made a significant contribution to Erwin W. Muller's (1911-1977) understanding of the field-emission microscope.
As rector, Stranski skilfully and successfully worked on the expansion of the TU Berlin, which made him an honorary senator in 1963 and awarded him one of his many honorary doctorates in 1964. He was especially pleased with his nomination as a foreign member of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in 1966. Two research institutes have been named after him: the Iwan N. Stranski Institute of the TU Berlin and the I. N. Stranski Institute for Metallurgy in Oberhausen.
Lit.: Kurt A. Becker und Jochen Block: Iwan N. Stranski, in: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berichte und Mitteilungen, 1980, Heft 3; Rolf Lacmann: Iwan N. Stranski, in: Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 156 (1981), p. 167-175; R. Kaischew: On the history of the creation of the molecular kinetic theory of crystal growth, in: Journal of Crystal Growth 51 (1981), p. 643-650.
(c) TU Berlin
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